Enhancing Your NK Cell Activity Against Cancer

Improving Your Natural Killer (NK) Cell Function:
Your Immune System's Frontline Warriors Against Cancer

Researched and written by Keith Bishop, Clinical Nutritionist, Cancer Coach, Retired Pharmacist, and founder of Prevail Over Cancer.

Natural Killer (NK) cells are a vital component of our innate immune system, acting as the body's first line of defense against cancerous and virally infected cells.[i] Unlike other immune cells, NK cells can recognize and eliminate abnormal cells without prior sensitization, making them crucial in the early detection and control of tumors.[ii]

Natural Killer (NK) cells are a special kind of white blood cell that belongs to a group called lymphocytes, which help defend your body. They make up about 5–15% of your lymphocytes in the bloodstream[iii]. Unlike other immune cells like T cells and B cells, which need to “learn” what to attack, NK cells are part of your body’s fast-acting, built-in defense system. They can quickly recognize and attack virus-infected or cancerous cells—even if your body has never seen them before[iv].

NK cells do this using a system of “on” and “off” switches on their surface that help them distinguish between healthy cells and those that are dangerous[v]. When NK cells identify a problem, they release powerful proteins, such as perforin and granzymes, that puncture the target cells and cause their death. They also release interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), a chemical messenger that helps coordinate a more potent immune attack[vi].

Together, these abilities make NK cells an essential first line of defense in protecting your body from infections and cancer.

The Role of NK Cells in Cancer Defense

NK cells possess the unique ability to detect stressed or transformed cells, such as tumor cells, and induce their death through cytotoxic mechanisms. Their activity is regulated by a balance of activating and inhibitory receptors, enabling them to distinguish between healthy and abnormal cells. In cancer patients, NK cell function can be compromised, resulting in decreased surveillance and increased tumor progression.[vii] [viii]

Blood Testing for Natural Killer Cells

Natural killer cell blood tests are available. If your doctor will not do a blood test or your insurance will not cover the NK Cell blood test, you can still get the test. You may use the following link to learn more: https://www.ultalabtests.com/partners/prevailovercancer/test/natural-killer-cells

Lifestyle Factors Enhancing NK Cell Activity

Sleep and NK Cells

Sleep is a potent regulator of immune function, particularly in enhancing the quantity and activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which play a crucial role in fighting cancer. Research has shown that sleep deprivation significantly reduces NK cell activity, impairing the body's ability to detect and destroy abnormal cells. A study published in MDPI’s Cells Journal highlights the impact of sleep on immune surveillance, demonstrating that poor sleep weakens NK cell-mediated tumor defense.[ix] Additionally, chronic sleep disruption has been linked to increased cancer risk and worsened outcomes for patients undergoing treatment. [x]

Beyond NK Cell quantity, sleep also affects the efficiency of NK cells. Studies indicate that adequate sleep enhances the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells, making them more effective at targeting and eliminating cancer cells.[xi] Research from Frontiers in Neuroscience suggests that sleep disruption alters immune signaling pathways, thereby reducing the ability of natural killer (NK) cells to respond to threats.[xii]

Prioritizing sleep hygiene—such as maintaining a consistent sleep schedule and reducing nighttime stress—can optimize NK cell function, potentially enhancing cancer defense mechanisms.

Learn How to Select a Quality Dietary Supplement

Physical Exercise and Natural Killer Cells

Engaging in regular physical activity has been shown to boost NK cell activity. Both acute and chronic exercise can increase the number and cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells, thereby enhancing the body's ability to combat tumor cells. Studies suggest that exercise has a positive influence on the tumor microenvironment, which supports better outcomes for cancer patients.[xiii] [xiv] [xv] This impact is so essential that I encourage each of my clients to spend 30 minutes each day in a HIIT (High-Intensity Interval Training) exercise program or engage in significant physical activity to get their heart rate into a fat-burning zone. Download your free HIIT for Cancer Guide.

Foods and NK Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in immune defense, targeting virus-infected and cancerous cells. Nutrition significantly influences NK cell function, with various macronutrients and dietary patterns shaping their activity. Studies indicate that macronutrients, including carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, provide essential metabolic support for NK cells. For instance, research highlights that carbohydrates fuel NK cell metabolism, ensuring their cytotoxic function.[xvi] Meanwhile, high-fat diets can impair NK cell activity, potentially reducing their ability to combat malignancies.[xvii] On the other hand, proteins play a crucial role in educating NK cells, thereby influencing their ability to distinguish between healthy and abnormal cells.[xviii]

Dietary patterns such as fasting and ketogenic diets also impact NK cell function. Fasting has been shown to enhance NK cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity, redistributing NK cells to the bone marrow and priming them for improved function.[xix] Similarly, ketogenic diets can rewire immune responses, increasing NK cell activity and adaptive immunity.[xx] These findings suggest that dietary interventions could be strategically used to optimize immune function and potentially improve cancer treatment outcomes.

Carbohydrates play a vital role in fueling natural killer (NK) cells, which are essential for immune defense against infections and cancer. NK cells rely on glucose metabolism to sustain their cytotoxic activity and energy demands. Studies indicate that glycolysis, the process of breaking down glucose, is crucial for the activation and function of natural killer (NK) cells. When NK cells encounter infected or malignant cells, they increase their glucose uptake to support the production of cytotoxic molecules, such as granzyme B and perforin, which help penetrate and eliminate these harmful cells.[xxi]

However, excessive carbohydrate intake, particularly in the form of refined sugars, may negatively impact NK cell function. Research suggests that high glucose levels can impair NK cell cytotoxicity, reducing their ability to target and destroy abnormal cells.[xxii] Additionally, metabolic disorders such as diabetes have been linked to weakened NK cell responses, potentially increasing susceptibility to infections and cancer.[xxiii] On the other hand, controlled carbohydrate consumption, especially from complex carbohydrates found in whole grains and vegetables, can support NK cell metabolism without causing detrimental effects.

Ketogenic Diet and NK Cells

The ketogenic diet (KD) has been shown to enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity and abundance through metabolic and immunological reprogramming. A study published in JAMA found that switching to a KD upregulated adaptive immune pathways and increased levels of NK cells within just two weeks, suggesting rapid immune enhancement.[xxiv]

Complementing this, research in Nature Medicine revealed that KD promotes lymphoid composition and NK cell activation, potentially improving immune surveillance against tumors.[xxv] Additionally, a study in the Journal of Neuroinflammation demonstrated that KD reshapes immune cell transcriptional landscapes, supporting NK cell function and reducing inflammatory responses.[xxvi]

These findings underscore Keto Diet’s potential as a supportive dietary strategy in cancer prevention and immunotherapy. Check out the FREE downloadable Kancer Keto Diet guide in the learning center on our website.

Supplement Impact on NK Cells

Ginseng

Ginseng and its active component, ginsenoside Rg-1, have been shown to enhance NK cell activity, contributing to improved immune responses.[xxvii]

Garlic

Garlic has immunomodulatory effects, including increased natural killer (NK) cell activity and enhanced production of T and B lymphocytes, which support overall immune function.[xxviii]

Through personalized assessment, strategic planning, expert training, and actionable guidance, my cancer coaching service empowers you to navigate your care with clarity, confidence, and evidence-based support.

Smoking Nicotine and NK Cells

Smoking and nicotine exposure have been shown to impair natural killer (NK) cell function significantly, weakening the body's ability to combat infections and cancer. Research indicates that nicotine suppresses NK cell cytotoxicity by interfering with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β2, reducing their ability to eliminate tumor cells.[xxix] Additionally, cigarette smoke exposure inhibits the release of NK cell cytokines, particularly IFN-γ and TNF-α, which are crucial for immune defense.[xxx] Studies also suggest that smoking alters NK cell responsiveness, leading to an increased risk of metastasis in lung cancer models.

Stay tuned as more cancer research comes out about nicotine. It may not be the villain we have been led to believe. Smoking is a problem. Nicotine may not. Stay Tuned.

Stress and NK Cells

Stress and meditation have profound effects on natural killer (NK) cell activity, influencing immune function and overall health. Research indicates that acute psychological stress can initially boost NK cell mobilization; however, prolonged stress leads to suppressed NK cell cytotoxicity, thereby increasing susceptibility to infections and cancer.[xxxi] Stress signals activate NK cells through interferons and cytokines; however, chronic stress disrupts the immune balance, impairing their ability to target abnormal cells.[xxxii]

Meditation and NK Cells

On the other hand, meditation has been shown to enhance the function of natural killer (NK) cells, reduce inflammation, and improve immune surveillance.[xxxiii] These findings suggest that managing stress through meditation and relaxation techniques may help maintain optimal natural killer (NK) cell activity and support overall immune health.

Nutritional Supplements and Natural Compounds

Iodine, Zinc, and Selenium and NK Cells

Iodine, zinc, and selenium play crucial roles in the function of natural killer (NK) cells, influencing immune responses and cytotoxic activity. Iodine has been studied for its potential to enhance NK cell-mediated immunotherapy.  Zinc is essential for NK cell cytotoxicity, with research showing that short-term zinc supplementation enhances NK cell functionality and immune defense.[xxxiv] Selenium contributes to NK cell activation and immune modulation, with selenium nanoparticles demonstrating the ability to boost NK cell-mediated anticancer effects. [xxxv] These findings suggest that adequate intake of these micronutrients may support NK cell activity and overall immune health.

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β-Glucans

β-Glucans, found in sources like mushrooms and yeast, are known to stimulate NK cell activity. They activate immune cells through interactions with specific receptors, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms against tumors.

Beta-glucans, naturally occurring polysaccharides found in fungi, yeast, and grains, have been shown to enhance natural killer (NK) cell function, improving immune responses against infections and cancer. Research indicates that yeast-derived β-glucan can modulate macrophages, leading to increased NK cell activation and cytotoxicity against tumor cells.[xxxvi] Additionally, studies suggest that beta-(1→3)(1→6)-D-glucan enhances NK cell proliferation, particularly in breast cancer models, improving immune surveillance.[xxxvii] Clinical trials have also demonstrated that short-term supplementation with β-glucan increases NK cell numbers, supporting immune recovery in patients undergoing cancer treatment.[xxxviii] These findings highlight the potential of beta-glucans as immunomodulatory agents that strengthen NK cell-mediated defense mechanisms.

Curcumin and NK Cells

Curcumin, a bioactive compound derived from turmeric, has been shown to modulate natural killer (NK) cell activity, influencing immune responses against cancer and infections. Research suggests that curcumin enhances NK cell-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells, improving immune surveillance.[xxxix] Additionally, studies indicate that curcumin can counteract immunosuppressive signals from cancer cells, restoring NK cell functionality.[xl] These findings highlight curcumin's dual role in NK cell regulation, suggesting potential therapeutic applications in cancer immunotherapy.

EGCG and NK Cells

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol found in green tea, has been shown to modulate natural killer (NK) cell activity, influencing immune responses and cancer defense. Research suggests that EGCG enhances NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, improving their ability to target tumor cells. Additionally, EGCG has been found to suppress immunosuppressive signals in the tumor microenvironment, allowing NK cells to function more effectively.

Studies also indicate that EGCG can regulate metabolic pathways, including glucose uptake and fatty acid metabolism, which are crucial for NK cell energy production.[xli] These findings highlight EGCG's potential as an immunomodulatory agent, suggesting therapeutic applications in cancer treatment and immune health.

Quercetin and NK Cells

Quercetin, a flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, has been shown to modulate natural killer (NK) cell activity, influencing immune responses and cancer defense. Research suggests that quercetin enhances NK cell maturation by binding to MYH9, improving immune surveillance and cognitive function in aging models.[xlii] Additionally, studies indicate that quercetin increases tumor cell susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis by inducing NKG2D ligands and suppressing heat shock proteins.[xliii]

Berberine and NK Cells

Berberine, a natural alkaloid, has been shown to enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity, particularly in cancer defense. Research suggests that berberine increases NK cell cytotoxicity by inhibiting interferon-gamma-mediated PD-L1 expression, which helps prevent tumor immune escape.[xliv] Additionally, studies indicate that berberine enhances NK cell proliferation and improves their ability to target hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.[xlv] These findings highlight berberine’s potential as an immunomodulatory agent, suggesting therapeutic applications in cancer treatment and immune health.

Resveratrol and NK Cells

Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes and red wine, has been shown to modulate natural killer (NK) cell activity, influencing immune responses and cancer defense. Research suggests that resveratrol enhances NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by activating the Akt and mTORC2 pathways, leading to increased expression of c-Myb, a transcription factor crucial for NK cell function.[xlvi]

Additionally, studies indicate that resveratrol can induce apoptosis in malignant NK cells by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, reducing tumor cell proliferation.[xlvii] Furthermore, resveratrol has been found to synergistically enhance NK cell activity when combined with interleukin-2 (IL-2), improving immune surveillance and anti-cancer effects.[xlviii] These findings highlight resveratrol's potential as an immunomodulatory agent, suggesting therapeutic applications in cancer treatment and immune health.

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Conclusion

NK cells play a pivotal role in the body's defense against cancer. Their activity can be influenced by lifestyle choices, including exercise, diet, and stress management. Incorporating specific nutrients and natural compounds, such as ginseng, garlic, and β-glucans, may further enhance NK cell function. By understanding and supporting NK cell activity, we can bolster our innate immune system's ability to combat cancer.

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For more information and resources on enhancing your immune health, visit www.prevailovercancer.com.

Reference Sources

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[xliii] Bae, Jae-Ho* †; Kim, Joo-Young*; Kim, Mi-Ju* †; Chang, Sung-Ho‡; Park, You-Soo§; Son, Cheol-Hun§; Park, Soo-Jung∥; Chung, Joo-Seop¶; Lee, Eun-Yup♯; Kim, Sun-Hee* †; Kang, Chi-Dug*. Quercetin Enhances Susceptibility to NK Cell-mediated Lysis of Tumor Cells Through Induction of NKG2D Ligands and Suppression of HSP70. Journal of Immunotherapy 33(4):p 391-401, May 2010. | DOI: 10.1097/CJI.0b013e3181d32f22 https://journals.lww.com/immunotherapy-journal/Abstract/2010/05000/Quercetin_Enhances_Susceptibility_to_NK.6.aspx

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[xlvii] Quoc Trung L, Espinoza JL, Takami A, Nakao S. Resveratrol Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Malignant NK Cells via JAK2/STAT3 Pathway Inhibition. Kuwano M, ed. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(1):e55183. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055183

[xlviii] Yoojin Lee, Heewook Shin, Jongsun Kim; In vivo Anti-Cancer Effects of Resveratrol Mediated by NK Cell Activation. J Innate Immun 24 March 2021; 13 (2): 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1159/000510315